Accuracy: Accuracy refers to the closeness of test results to the true value of the analyte being measured. Accurate testing is crucial for making correct clinical decisions and ensuring patient safety.

Precision: Precision refers to the consistency and reproducibility of test results when the same sample is tested multiple times. Precise testing minimizes variability and ensures reliable results.

Quality Control (QC): Quality control measures involve the use of internal and external controls to monitor the accuracy and precision of laboratory testing procedures. QC procedures help identify and correct errors or deviations from expected results.

Quality Assurance (QA): Quality assurance encompasses the processes and procedures implemented to ensure that laboratory testing meets predefined quality standards. QA activities include the development and implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs), proficiency testing, and regular audits to monitor and evaluate laboratory performance.

Proficiency Testing (PT): Proficiency testing programs involve the periodic assessment of a laboratory's analytical performance by an external proficiency testing provider. PT helps laboratories identify areas for improvement and maintain competency in their testing procedures.

Training and Competency: Training and competency assessment programs ensure that laboratory staff possess the necessary skills, knowledge, and expertise to perform testing procedures accurately and effectively. Ongoing training helps keep staff up-to-date with the latest technologies and best practices.

Documentation and Record Keeping: Comprehensive documentation and record-keeping are essential for maintaining lab quality. Records of test results, equipment maintenance, SOPs, training records, and corrective actions ensure traceability, accountability, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Continuous Improvement: Continuous improvement is a fundamental aspect of lab quality. Laboratories regularly review and evaluate their processes, procedures, and performance metrics to identify opportunities for enhancement. Root cause analysis, corrective and preventive action (CAPA) plans, and implementing best practices help optimize laboratory efficiency and effectiveness.